What Was The First Virus?

History of the Earth– Feb 24, 2021

Researched and Written by Leila Battison Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Art by Khail Kupsky Thumbnail Art and Art by Ettore Mazza If you like our videos, check out Leila’s youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk…
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Music from Epidemic Sound and Artlist. References: https://www.nature.com/scitable/topic…
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https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/…​

https://www.ft.com/content/8009dad5-9…​

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article…​

https://www.ancient.eu/Antonine_Plague/​

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M3L_…​

https://elifesciences.org/articles/12704​

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic…​

http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/201…​

http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/exter…​

Image credits: Roman relief By Rabax63 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Surgical Roman instruments By https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/…​
https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/…​

Collection gallery (2018-04-02): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/…​

CC-BY-4.0, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Antonine Plague By https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/…​ https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/…​

Collection gallery (2018-04-03): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/…​

CC-BY-4.0, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Smallpox Virus De Dr Graham Beards at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Mimivirus By Sarah Duponchel and Matthias G. Fischer – extracted from this Commons file, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Coccoliphore By Robin Mejia. Image courtesy Dr. Alison Taylor. – [1] doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001087, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…

coccolithophores virus by By DHRUVA SRINIVAS – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Diversity of coccolithophores By Monteiro, F.M., Bach, L.T., Brownlee, C., Bown, P., Rickaby, R.E., Poulton, A.J., Tyrrell, T., Beaufort, L., Dutkiewicz, S., Gibbs, S. and
Gutowska, M.A. – https://advances.sciencemag.org/conte…​,

CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Coccolithophore By ja:User:NEON / commons:User:NEON_ja – Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Human Genome Project By National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) from Bethesda, MD, USA – Francis Collins, M.D., Ph.D., CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Eckard Wimmer By SummerWillow – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Pythovirus By Pavel Hrdlička, Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…​

Electron Bacteriophages By Dr Graham Beards – en:Image:Phage.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index…

240 million years ago to 250 million years in the future

Christopher Scotese
This animation shows the plate tectonic evolution of the Earth from the time of Pangea, 240 million years ago, to the formation of Pangea Proxima, 250 million years in the future.

The animation starts with the modern world then winds it way back to 240 million years ago (Triassic). The animation then reverses direction, allowing us to see how Pangea rifted apart to form the modern continents and ocean basins. When the animation arrives back at the present-day, it continues for another 250 million years until the formation of the next Pangea, “Pangea Proxima”.

This question often come up. ” Why dont you show East Africa rifting away from the rest of Africa?”.

Here’s why:

– Often, oceans open around a three-armed rift system called a “triple junction”. Only two arms of a triple junction open to form ocean basins. . In the case of East Africa, the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden are the two successful rifts. The East African rift sytem, starting at the Afar Triangle, in Ethiopiais an aulacogen or “failed arm” of a triple junction The East African rift system is a failed rift, much like the Benue Trough in the South Atlantic or the Labrador Sea in the North Atlantic.

– Let’s step back and ask the question, “What caused the rifting of the Red Sea , Gulf of Aden and East Africa in the first place? Though the Afar hotspot certainly helped to weaken the lithosphere, The driving force that caused the rifting was the subduction (beneath Eurasia , i.e., Iran) of oceanic crust attached to the northern margin of Arabia. (There was ocean an ocean between Arabian and Iran.) This subducting slab “pulled” Arabia northward tearing it away from Africa. This subduction zone has been completely destroyed by the collision of Arabia and Eurasia (Zagros Mountains). Consequently, there is no longer any “plate tectonic forces” acting on the African rifts and they will not continue to open.

– Also, if we look at the plate tectonic neighborhood of East Africa, we see that the dominant motion of plates in the western Indian Ocean is N-S, rather than E-W . In fact, a new subduction zone is just beginning in the central Indian Ocean (a zone of diffuse earthquakes ~ 5-10 S) that will continue to pull Australia and Antarctica northward towards Asia. In other words, there is no room for East Africa to expand towards the east. Rather the east coast of Madagascar will become a strike-slip margin accommodating the continued, northward movement of the Australian-Antarctic plate.

I hope this explanation is helpful. Of course all of this is scientific speculation, we will have to wait and see what happens, but this is my projection based on my understanding of the forces that drive plate motions and the history of past plate motions. Remember: “The past reveals patterns; Patterns inform process; Process permits prediction.”

Notice how the areas of green (land), brown (mountains), dark blue (deep sea), and light blue (shallow seas on continents), changes throughout time. These changes are the result of mountain-building, erosion, and the rise and fall of sea level throughout time. The white patches near the pole are the expanding and contracting polar icecaps.

The first part of the animation is a global view. The second part of the animation is a closeup view. This animation contains original music by C.R. Scotese, as well as an “easter egg” at the end.

This animation may be freely used in museum exhibits, broadcast TV, and on the internet. A high resolution version of this animation is available upon request (cscotese).

Credit Line: Scotese, C.R., 2004. Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography (animation), PALEOMAP Project, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas (12:24​).

Publications of C.R. Scotese can be freely downloaded at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/…​ or
https://uta.academia.edu/ChristopherS…​.

PALEOMAP Project, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas (12:24​). Publications of C.R. Scotese can be freely downloaded at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/…​ or https://uta.academia.edu/ChristopherS…​.

Do We Need to Control Nature In Order to Save it? | Amanpour and Company

Amanpour and Company – Mar 1, 2021

Global warming and the climate crisis call ever more urgently for dramatic action. But could our attempts at saving the environment end up exacerbating the problem? Elizabeth Kolbert is a Pulitzer Prize-winning environmental journalist and New Yorker staff writer, and her new book looks at some of the unique efforts to combat climate change. She speaks with Hari Sreenivasan about climate intervention ideas and their possible, unintended consequences. Originally aired on March 1, 2021.Mar 1, 2021

Running out of Time | Documentary on Holistic Management

Savory Institute– May 1, 2018

http://savory.global​ | This in-depth documentary explores Allan Savory and how he has used Holistic Management to completely transform his land in Zimbabwe.

See more of our docs here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list…​

Holistic Management was made popular in Savory’s 2013 Ted Talk, How to Fight Desertification and Reverse Climate Change. This documentary was produced by Trevor Langham and his crew at Fig Multimedia Tech in Zimbabwe. We share this video in hopes that Trevor’s amazing work will reach a wider audience to honor his memory.

Stay connected: http://savory.global​
https://www.facebook.com/savory.global/​
https://twitter.com/SavoryInstitute​
https://www.instagram.com/savoryinsti​…

About Savory Institute: Loss of grasslands leads to climate change, floods, droughts, famine, and worldwide poverty. It’s our mission to promote large-scale restoration of the world’s grasslands through Holistic Management. Holistic Management is a process of decision-making and planning that gives people the insights and management tools needed to understand nature: resulting in better, more informed decisions that balance key social, environmental, and financial considerations.

Damage and Loss Assessment with Drone technology in the agricultural sector

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Mar 2, 2021

The sum of technologies for capturing information through tablets and drones, together with information on the ground, makes possible to estimate risks and calculate damages as inputs for rural planning.

Thus, in order to strengthen the methodology for calculating damages and losses in the agricultural sector, in which FAO is a pioneer, the first pilot with drones for monitoring crops affected by agro-climatic events was carried out in the municipality of El Dorado, in the department of Meta.

The development of a system for monitoring and assessing damage and losses in the agricultural sector, using UAS/Drone technology helps communities to better address food security and risk management issues. In addition, it facilitates inspection and monitoring activities in strategic regions and geographical points.

It also contributes to feed the databases of geolocalized information systems for making decision, mitigates and prevents crisis and disaster threats through the monitoring and inspection of agricultural areas with a high level of risk.

Were Volcanoes The Key To Life?

History of the Earth

Jul 18, 2020

Researched and Written by Leila Battison Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Script Edited by Pete Kelly Art by Khail Kupsky Thumbnail Art and Art by Ettore Mazza

A Coastal Classroom

Northeastern – Mar 2, 2021

Students at Northeastern’s Three Seas program are spending this semester learning about coastal and tidal environments at the Marine Science Center in Nahant, Massachusetts.

1. In the SDGs, where have biodiversity and ecosystem services gone?

Stockholm Resilience Centre TV– Mar 2, 2021

Despite the world entering the last decade to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) biodiversity and ecosystem services remain chronically undervalued and largely missing.

“Decades in the Making”: How Mainstream Conservatives & Right-Wing Money Fueled the Capitol Attack

Democracy Now!

Published on Feb 25, 2021

As more details emerge about those who attacked the U.S. Capitol on January 6, it’s becoming clearer that the insurrection was not the work of a “fringe” group, but rather the result of a decades-long conservative effort to undermine democracy, according to author Brendan O’Connor. “The events of January 6 were not just months, but years, decades, in the making,” says O’Connor, who notes that major Republican donors and prominent conservative groups were connected to the Trump rally that immediately preceded the Capitol riot.

When Words Aren’t Enough: The Visual Climate Story

Climate One

Streamed live 105 minutes ago minutes ago – 2 Mar. 2021

While IPCC risk assessments and emission projections can help us understand climate change, they don’t exactly inspire the imagination or provoke a personal response to the crisis. The solution? A growing league of storytellers who use photographs, films and the human experience to breathe life into the cerebral science of climate change and conservation. Images can tap into our senses and break down barriers that statistics cannot — how far can they go to inspire a global climate response? Join us for a conversation on the art of visualizing climate change with filmmaker Céline Cousteau, producer and director Davis Guggenheim, and photographer Cristina Mittermeier. Photo Credit: Cristina Mittermeier/ Sea Legacy