Jan 4, 2021
England has been ordered into a new national lockdown until at least mid-February to reduce the spread of a more virulent variant of coronavirus, as the country ramps up its vaccinations by rolling out the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. Watch The National live on YouTube Sunday-Friday at 9 p.m. ET
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The Destruction of Black Civilization took Chancellor Williams sixteen years of research and field study to compile. The book, which was to serve as a reinterpretation of the history of the African race, was intended to be “”a general rebellion against the subtle message from even the most ‘liberal’ white authors (and their Negro disciples): ‘You belong to a race of nobodies. You have no worthwhile history to point to with pride.'”” The book was written at a time when many black students, educators, and scholars were starting to piece together the connection between the way their history was taught and the way they were perceived by others and by themselves. They began to question assumptions made about their history and took it upon themselves to create a new body of historical research.
The book is premised on the question: “”If the Blacks were among the very first builders of civilization and their land the birthplace of civilization, what has happened to them that has left them since then, at the bottom of world society, precisely what happened? The Caucasian answer is simple and well-known: The Blacks have always been at the bottom.”” Williams instead contends that many elements—nature, imperialism, and stolen legacies— have aided in the destruction of the black civilization. The Destruction of Black Civilization is revelatory and revolutionary because it offers a new approach to the research, teaching, and study of African history by shifting the main focus from the history of Arabs and Europeans in Africa to the Africans themselves, offering instead “”a history of blacks that is a history of blacks. Because only from history can we learn what our strengths were and, especially, in what particular aspect we are weak and vulnerable. Our history can then become at once the foundation and guiding light for united efforts in serious[ly] planning what we should be about now.”” It was part of the evolution of the black revolution that took place in the 1970s, as the focus shifted from politics to matters of the mind.
Chancellor Williams is the author of “”The Rebirth of African Civilization.””
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“Indian slavery…has been ignored…the one book that deals at length with the subject…is…Lauber’s ‘Indian Slavery in Colonial Times.”’ – The Enslavement of the American Indian in Colonial Times (2005)
“An exceptional resource. Considers precontact indigenous systems, French and Spanish slaver, and the activities of the British.” -Origins of Slavery: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide (2010)
“Lauber, Indian Slavery in Colonial Times…remains the standard book on the white enslavement of Native Americans.” -American Slavery: 1619-1877 (2003)
“Lauber published…an impressive array of evidence pointing to the ubiquity of Indian slavery by European colonists.” – Indian Slavery in Colonial America (2009)
What was the driving force behind the little-known practice of Indian enslavement during colonial times? Was it the necessity of disposing of war captives, the greed of traders, or the simple demand for labor?
In his 1913 book “Indian Slavery in Colonial Times,” Almon Wheeler Lauber broadly defines “slave” as a “prisoner held by his captor as an inferior and forced to labor for him, or sold into servitude or freedom for the financial benefit of his captor.” His book describes four kinds of enslavement: (1) by the Indians; (2) by the Spaniards; (3) by the French; (4) by the English.
The various chapters in the book deal with enslavement by the Indians themselves, enslavement by the Spanish and French, the number of Indian slaves, the processes of enslavement, property relations, methods of employment, treatment of slaves, and the decline of Indian slavery. The chapters on enslavement by the Indians themselves and by the Spanish and French are of interest from a western standpoint, the remaining two-thirds of the book being devoted to Indian slavery in the English colonies on the Atlantic coast.
The vast majority of so-called Indian slaves were really prisoners of war, who could not be safely released, and whom it would have been inhuman to kill.
Both Spain and France used Indian slaves as guides, interpreters, camp laborers, cooks, and mistresses. Both nations attempted to educate the Indian through their religious orders. Spain in 1543 enacted a law to end Indian slavery in Spanish America, while France passed laws for manumission and issued decrees against the Indian slave trade. With each nation the enslavement of the Indians was found to be generally unsatisfactory and less profitable than the enslavement of Blacks.
Among the English colonies Indian slavery was general, the Carolinas holding the largest number and New Hampshire but very few. These slaves were obtained in warfare, by kidnapping, by trade, and through punishment for violations of law and order. In both customary and statutory law Indian slavery was recognized: property rights were protected, courts settled disputes as to ownership, and fugitive slave laws were enacted. Throughout the English colonies Indian slaves were employed as hunters, fishermen, guides, domestic servants, soldiers, laborers, and, in some instances as craftsmen. As a rule, however, they were not satisfactory, and as the indentured servants and Negro slaves multiplied, the number of Indian slaves declined.
They were always most numerous in Massachusetts and South Carolina. In 1708, there were in the latter colony fourteen hundred Indian slaves, mostly women and children, but this large number was due to recent captures in invasions of French, Spanish, and Indian territory. It is stated that fifteen years later the number of such slaves to be found in the same colony was “very few”.
About the author:
Almon Wheeler Lauber (1880-1944) studied Indian slavery as a Ph D. student.
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In late October 1841, the Creole left Richmond with 137 slaves bound for New Orleans. It arrived five weeks later minus the Captain, one passenger, and most of the captives. Nineteen rebels had seized the US slave ship en route and steered it to the British Bahamas where the slaves gained their liberty. Drawing upon a sweeping array of previously unexamined state, federal, and British colonial sources, Rebellious Passage examines the neglected maritime dimensions of the extensive US slave trade and slave revolt. The focus on south-to-south self-emancipators at sea differs from the familiar narrative of south-to-north fugitive slaves over land. Moreover, a broader hemispheric framework of clashing slavery and antislavery empires replaces an emphasis on US antebellum sectional rivalry. Written with verve and commitment, Rebellious Passage chronicles the first comprehensive history of the ship revolt, its consequences, and its relevance to global modern slavery.
‘We have waited almost two centuries for the full, gripping story of Madison Washington and his fellow mutineers aboard the Creole. Here at long last comes Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie to narrate their magnificent tale with acuity and power. This is inspirational ‘history from below’ at its best.’ Marcus Rediker, author of The Amistad Rebellion
‘Rebellious Passage provides a comprehensive account of the most successful slave revolt in the history of the United States. At the same time, through a detailed analysis of the domestic slave trade along the southern Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, it offers a maritime history of the antebellum era from a truly transnational and transatlantic perspective.’ Matthew J. Clavin, author of Aiming for Pensacola: Fugitive Slaves on the Atlantic and Southern Frontiers
‘Kerr-Ritchie examines the successful slave rebellion aboard the America slaveship Creole in 1841 – a revolt often overlooked in favor of the Amistad rebellion two years earlier. Kerr-Ritchie contends that the Creole uprising warrants further study for a number of reasons, among them its role in heightening sectional hostility within the US, pushing a proslavery US and an antislavery Great Britain to the brink of war, highlighting the nature and scope of the coastal slave trade, and revealing the struggle for freedom on the parts of both the enslaved aboard and the Bahamians (who welcomed the enslaved as free people and facilitated their further travels to Jamaica). … Rebellious Passage is a compelling addition to the literature for its focus on the Creole revolt per se (including subsequent court cases), the experiences of the former slaves in Jamaica, and the coastal slave trade in general. Recommended.’ W. H. Taylor, Choice
This book examines the successful slave revolt aboard the US slave ship Creole during the early 1840s and its consequences. Drawing upon previously unexamined federal sources, British colonial documents, states’ records, and American and British newspapers, it examines the neglected maritime dimensions of the US slave trade and slave revolt.
Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie is Professor of History at Howard University, Washington DC and author of Freedpeople in the Tobacco South: Virginia, 1860-1900 (1999); Rites of August First: Emancipation Day in the Black Atlantic World (2007); and Freedom’s Seekers: Essays on Comparative Emancipation (2014).
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In a remote area of northwest Greenland, an international team of scientists has made a stunning discovery, buried beneath a kilometer of ice. It’s a meteor impact crater, 300 meters deep and bigger than Paris or the Beltway around Washington, DC. It is one of the 25 largest known impact craters on Earth, and the first found under any of our planet’s ice sheets. The researchers first spotted the crater in July 2015, while they were inspecting a new map of the topography beneath Greenland’s ice sheet that used ice-penetrating radar data primarily from Operation IceBridge, an ongoing NASA airborne mission to track changes in polar ice, and earlier NASA airborne missions in Greenland.
Read more: https://go.nasa.gov/2RSkn1u
This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12941
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Jefferson Beck
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Trump’s threat against the Secretary of State of Georgia is outrageous. It is the most consequential attack on American democracy in the history of our country.
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Terra Mater, Jan 17, 2020
The River Nile. One of the world’s most ancient and legendary waterways, bringing life to otherwise inhospitable regions of Egypt.
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But the Nile is slowly dying, its tributaries and channels drying up and threatening the livelihoods of millions who depend on its nourishing waters. Some of this is the natural cycle of the river – parts of the Nile have dried up before, making entire cities like ancient Meroe vanish. But a major construction project upriver is further endangering the life of the river. We explore what’s happening and look at the possible solutions to this impending tragedy.
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Jan 4, 2021
115 Billion Dollars in output was lost due to the COVID19 Pandemic. Professor Chris Isike who specializes on African Politics and development talked to CGTN during the #GlobalBusines Show.
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WhyteMajicLantern HD, Jan 3, 2021
The story of teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg is told through compelling, never-before-seen footage in this intimate documentary about a young girl who has become the voice of a generation.
Starting with her one-person school strike for climate justice outside the Swedish Parliament, the film follows Greta – a shy student with Asperger’s – as she rises to prominence, and her galvanising global impact as she sparks school strikes around the world.
The film culminates with her gruelling wind-powered voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to speak at the UN Climate Action Summit in New York City. En route, in an intensely emotional moment, Greta reflects on the enormous toll her mission has exacted.
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Jan 3, 2021
Greta Thunberg, the Swedish teenage environmental activist, has turned 18. Becoming an adult in Swedish comes with a lot of freedoms, including the right to vote and stand for office. And that’s important to Thunberg who has often said “Every election is a climate election.”
The world got to know her as a 15 year old. Sitting outside the Swedish parliament, protesting for action on climate change.
With her slogan ‘school strike for the climate’ Thunberg invited her classmates to join her and skip school on Fridays to protest.
Her message went viral – and global. She repeatedly scolded world leaders’ reactions to global warming.
Ultimately her protest inspired the ‘Friday’s for future’ demonstrations – which gained major traction with young people around the world.
But the movement also hit home with a lot of older people – people concerned that they had seen too little climate action in their lifetimes.
Her message was clear and simple.
ln 2019 the environmental activist sailed two weeks across the Atlantic on a zero carbon yacht to New York to deliver a message to the UN’s climate action summit. There, she reminded the world that she was still just a child and her thoughts should be elsewhere.
But now Thunberg is turning 18 – making her an adult in the eyes of Swedish law. She will finally be able to vote and hold to account politicians she accuses of passing the climate buck onto children.
She says for her nothing has changed, the world needs to treat climate change as the true crisis it is – here and now.
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Transition Studies 