By SAM ROBERTS JUNE 17, 2016
Photo 
Dr. Robert Paine spent much of his time on the coast of Washington State, studying his “keystone” species theory using starfish. Credit Anne Paine
Robert Paine, a groundbreaking, hands-on ecologist who found that removing what he called a “keystone species” from an environment could profoundly affect the fortunes of neighboring species, died on Monday in Seattle. He was 83.
The cause was acute myeloid leukemia, his daughter Anne Paine said.
Dr. Paine demonstrated in his field work that certain species exert a disproportionate impact on their ecosystems and that their elimination — as a result of climate change, pollution or some other natural or man-made factors — can produce unexpected and far-reaching consequences for the local environment.
A teacher and researcher at the University of Washington for 36 years, Dr. Paine propounded his keystone theory in 1966 after studying ochre starfish, or sea stars, as they preyed on the mussel population along the rocky shore of Makah Bay, on the tip of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State.
After he pried the starfish from rocks with a crowbar and hurled them into the sea, the mussels proliferated along the shore, displacing algae and limpets.
He found a similar chain reaction — or “trophic cascade,” as he called it — when sea otters vanished or were removed from an environment because of fur trading, pollution or marine predators. With the otters gone, sea urchins, which the otters had preyed upon, were now free to gobble up a larger share of kelp — food that would otherwise have sustained fish and crabs.
He identified the predator starfish and the otters as keystone species, taking the name from the wedge-shaped apex of an arch that keeps it from collapsing.
Dr. Paine, who had a passion for field work, conducted much of his own research on Tatoosh Island, an uninhabited rocky outcropping less than a mile off Cape Flattery, on the Olympic Peninsula. He discovered the spot in 1967 on a salmon-fishing trip.
…(read more).
Global Climate Change
Environment Ethics
Environment Justice
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